Witnessing a photo voltaic eclipse is a awe-inspiring expertise, however it can be dangerous to your eyes. Staring immediately on the solar throughout an eclipse may cause everlasting harm to your retina. To benefit from the celestial spectacle safely, it is essential to make use of protecting eyewear particularly designed for photo voltaic viewing. Nevertheless, these glasses could be costly and never all the time straightforward to search out. Happily, it is attainable to make your personal do-it-yourself photo voltaic eclipse glasses utilizing easy supplies and some straightforward steps.
One of the vital efficient and most secure strategies is to make use of photo voltaic filters product of black polymer or Mylar. These supplies successfully block dangerous ultraviolet and infrared radiation whereas permitting you to see the eclipse clearly. To make the glasses, lower out two round or rectangular items of the filter materials, roughly 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Then, mount the filters on the within of two sturdy cardboard frames, making certain they match securely and do not enable any gentle to leak by way of the sides. Lastly, connect an elastic band or string to the frames so you possibly can put on them comfortably throughout the eclipse.
An alternative choice is to make use of the oblique projection methodology. This method includes projecting the picture of the eclipse onto a bit of paper or cardboard. To do that, punch a small gap in a bit of aluminum foil or cardboard. Place the opening dealing with the solar, and maintain a white piece of paper or cardboard behind it. The sunshine passing by way of the opening will challenge a picture of the eclipse onto the paper, which you’ll be able to safely view with out damaging your eyes. Whereas this methodology would not present a direct view of the eclipse, it is an effective way to expertise the occasion with a bunch of individuals.
Measuring and Marking the Eyehole
1. Decide the Desired Dimension of the Eyehole
The dimensions of the eyehole will rely in your private desire and the scale of your cardboard. Intention for an eyehole that’s massive sufficient to comfortably suit your eye whereas nonetheless offering sufficient darkness. A great start line is a circle with a diameter of two inches (5 cm).
2. Mark the Heart of the Cardboard
Find the middle of the cardboard piece by measuring and marking the midpoint alongside each the size and width. Intersect these midpoints to create a crosshair marking the middle of the cardboard.
3. Use a Compass or Circle Template
With a compass or circle template, draw a circle with the specified diameter centered on the crosshair. If you do not have a compass, you should use a string and a pencil or pen to create a circle.
4. Reduce Out the Eyehole
Utilizing sharp scissors, rigorously lower out the circle to create the eyehole. Be exact in your slicing to make sure a clear edge.
5. Reinforce the Eyehole (Elective)
For added sturdiness, contemplate reinforcing the eyehole with black tape or duct tape. It will assist forestall the eyehole from tearing or turning into distorted over time.
6. Blacken the Within the Eyehole
To attenuate gentle leakage, blacken the within of the eyehole utilizing a everlasting marker, black paint, or black electrical tape. It will create a darkish and opaque floor that helps block out daylight.
7. Experiment with Totally different Eyehole Shapes (Superior)
Whereas a round eyehole is a standard design, you possibly can experiment with completely different shapes to optimize consolation and effectiveness. Take into account an oval form or an oblong form with rounded corners. These shapes might present a wider discipline of view or higher match the contours of your face.
Desk: Eyehole Form Choices
| Form | Benefits |
|---|---|
| Round | Easy to create and ensures uniform darkness |
| Oval | Offers a wider discipline of view if aligned horizontally |
| Rectangular with rounded corners | Provides flexibility in design, permitting for changes to suit the face |
8. Place the Eyehole
Place the cardboard in entrance of your face and regulate the place of the eyehole in order that it’s centered over one eye. The eyehole needs to be near your eye however not touching it, offering a cushty and safe match.
9. Safe the Cardboard
To maintain the cardboard in place, use elastic bands or a scarf to strap it to your head. Be certain that the cardboard is held firmly however not uncomfortably tight.
10. Double-Verify Your Security Measures
Earlier than utilizing your do-it-yourself photo voltaic eclipse glasses, double-check that the eyehole is blackened, the cardboard is sufficiently opaque, and the match is safe. Keep in mind, it’s essential to all the time observe protected photo voltaic statement methods to guard your eyes.
Understanding ISO Requirements for Photo voltaic Filter Security
The Worldwide Group for Standardization (ISO) has established pointers to make sure the protected use of photo voltaic filters throughout photo voltaic eclipses. These requirements are important to guard your eyes from dangerous ultraviolet (UV) radiation emitted by the solar.
ISO 12312-2:2015
ISO 12312-2:2015 is the first commonplace for photo voltaic filter security. It specifies the optical necessities, materials properties, and testing strategies for photo voltaic filters meant to be used throughout photo voltaic eclipses.
Key ISO Requirements for Photo voltaic Filter Security
| Normal | Key Provisions |
|---|---|
| ISO 12312-2:2015 | Optical necessities, materials properties, and testing strategies for photo voltaic filters |
| ISO 8980-3:2015 | Geometric necessities for photo voltaic filters |
| ISO 21348:2007 | Normal necessities for protecting tools utilized in welding and associated methods |
The ISO requirements be sure that photo voltaic filters:
* Block not less than 99.99% of dangerous UV radiation
* Are produced from supplies that don’t degrade or change into broken when uncovered to daylight
* Are designed to suit comfortably and securely over the eyes
Supplies Utilized in Photo voltaic Filters
Photo voltaic filters should be produced from supplies which can be opaque to UV radiation. Widespread supplies used embrace:
* Metalized Mylar
* Black polymer
* Sapphire
* Glass
Testing Photo voltaic Filters
Earlier than utilizing a photo voltaic filter, it is very important take a look at it for security. This may be accomplished utilizing a photo voltaic radiation meter or by observing the solar by way of the filter.
Photo voltaic radiation meter: A photo voltaic radiation meter can measure the quantity of UV radiation transmitted by way of a filter. A filter that blocks not less than 99.99% of UV radiation is taken into account protected to be used.
Solar statement: In case you wouldn’t have entry to a photo voltaic radiation meter, you possibly can take a look at a photo voltaic filter by observing the solar by way of it. In case you can see the solar clearly and with none discomfort, the filter is probably going protected to be used.
Further Photo voltaic Filter Security Suggestions
* By no means look immediately on the solar with out a photo voltaic filter.
* Solely use photo voltaic filters which have been examined and authorized by a good group.
* Examine your photo voltaic filter earlier than every use for any harm or defects.
* Don’t share photo voltaic filters with others.
* Retailer photo voltaic filters in a cool, dry place when not in use.
Astronomy Golf equipment and Organizations for Photo voltaic Eclipse Viewing
Throughout the nation, astronomy golf equipment and organizations are gearing up for the upcoming photo voltaic eclipse. These teams are providing a wide range of occasions and actions to assist individuals safely view this uncommon astronomical occasion.
In case you’re on the lookout for a spot to observe the photo voltaic eclipse with different astronomy lovers, listed here are a couple of golf equipment and organizations to think about:
American Astronomical Society (AAS)
The AAS is the most important skilled astronomy group in america. The AAS is internet hosting a wide range of occasions and actions for the photo voltaic eclipse, together with:
- A reside webcast of the eclipse from the AAS headquarters in Washington, D.C.
- A collection of eclipse-themed webinars
- An inventory of eclipse-viewing occasions throughout the nation
Astronomical League
The Astronomical League is a nationwide group for newbie astronomers. The League is providing a wide range of assets for eclipse viewing, together with:
- An inventory of eclipse-viewing occasions throughout the nation
- A information to protected eclipse viewing
- A photo voltaic eclipse calculator
Nationwide Science Lecturers Affiliation (NSTA)
The NSTA is an expert group for science lecturers. NSTA is providing a wide range of assets for lecturers who need to train concerning the photo voltaic eclipse of their school rooms, together with:
- A lesson plan on the photo voltaic eclipse
- A information to protected eclipse viewing
- An inventory of eclipse-viewing occasions throughout the nation
Native Astronomy Golf equipment
There are a whole bunch of native astronomy golf equipment throughout the nation. Many of those golf equipment are internet hosting eclipse-viewing occasions. To discover a native astronomy membership, go to the web site of the Astronomical League.
| Group | Web site |
|---|---|
| American Astronomical Society | https://aas.org/ |
| Astronomical League | https://www.astroleague.org/ |
| Nationwide Science Lecturers Affiliation | https://www.nsta.org/ |
Home made Photo voltaic Eclipse Glasses
Supplies:
- Black or dark-colored cardboard
- Cellophane or Mylar
- Scissors
- Ruler
- Pencil
- Aluminum foil (non-compulsory)
Directions:
- Reduce a bit of cardboard into two rectangles, every measuring 3" x 6".
- Cowl one facet of every rectangle with cellophane or Mylar, utilizing the ruler and pencil to mark the sides of the fabric.
- Trim the cellophane or Mylar to suit the cardboard.
- Hint a circle with a 1" diameter within the middle of every piece of cardboard.
- Reduce out the circles with scissors.
- Cowl the internal floor of every gap with aluminum foil (non-compulsory).
- Glue or tape the 2 rectangles collectively, aligning the holes.
On-line Photo voltaic Eclipse Simulations and Stay Streams
If you’re unable to view the photo voltaic eclipse in particular person, there are a number of on-line assets that present simulated experiences and reside stream broadcasts:
NASA’s Eclipse Stay Stream
NASA will host a reside stream of the whole photo voltaic eclipse on its web site.
Time and Date’s Stay Eclipse Map
This interactive map permits you to monitor the progress of the eclipse and think about reside pictures from world wide.
Digital Telescope Venture
The Digital Telescope Venture will supply a reside broadcast of the eclipse from Rome, Italy.
Google Earth VR Eclipse Simulation
Utilizing Google Earth VR, you possibly can expertise a simulated view of the eclipse from any location on Earth.
Slooh Eclipse Stay Stream
Slooh, a reside astronomy platform, will broadcast the eclipse from areas throughout america.
Further Sources:
- NASA Eclipse Website
- Time and Date’s Eclipse Map
- Virtual Telescope Project
- Google Earth VR Eclipse Simulation
- Slooh Eclipse Live Stream
Suggestions for Safely Viewing the Photo voltaic Eclipse:
- By no means look immediately on the solar with the bare eye.
- Use solely licensed photo voltaic eclipse glasses or make your personal utilizing the directions offered on this information.
- Keep away from utilizing binoculars or telescopes with out correct photo voltaic filters.
- In case you expertise any discomfort or eye irritation, cease viewing the eclipse and seek the advice of a health care provider.
- Concentrate on the time of the eclipse and the trail of totality in your space.
Further Info:
The whole photo voltaic eclipse on April 8, 2024, will likely be seen in a slender path throughout North America, starting in Mexico and ending in Canada. The eclipse will likely be seen as a partial eclipse in a wider space across the path of totality.
| Date | Time (UTC) | Period (Minutes) |
|---|---|---|
| April 8, 2024 | 16:21 | 4 minutes 28 seconds |
The whole photo voltaic eclipse is a uncommon and spectacular pure occasion. By following these directions and taking essential precautions, you possibly can safely take pleasure in this celestial spectacle.
First Assist and Emergency Preparedness for Eclipse Occasions
Observing a photo voltaic eclipse is an unimaginable expertise, however it’s essential to prioritize security and preparedness. Listed here are important first support and emergency measures to think about:
1. Eye Safety
Straight viewing the solar throughout an eclipse may cause extreme eye harm. Eclipse glasses are particularly designed with photo voltaic filters to dam dangerous ultraviolet (UV) rays. By no means use conventional sun shades or do-it-yourself filters.
2. Sunburn Prevention
Even throughout a complete eclipse, UV rays can nonetheless attain the pores and skin. Put on sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or increased and reapply regularly. Defend your head and neck with a hat and scarf.
3. Warmth Exhaustion and Heatstroke
Eclipse occasions could be held in heat climate. Keep hydrated by consuming loads of water and electrolyte-rich drinks. Put on free, light-colored clothes and search shade when attainable.
4. Fundamental First Assist Package
Put together a small first support equipment with important objects resembling sterile bandages, antiseptic wipes, ache relievers, and eyewash. This equipment can present fast therapy for minor cuts, scrapes, or eye irritation.
5. Emergency Communication
In case of an emergency, it is essential to have entry to communication gadgets. Maintain a charged cellphone and contemplate bringing a conveyable battery pack. Notice the placement of emergency exits and designated assembly factors.
6. Sensitivities and Allergic reactions
You probably have any identified allergic reactions or sensitivities, carry acceptable drugs and inform close by people of your situation.
7. Warmth-Associated Diseases
| Signs | Therapy |
|---|---|
| Heavy sweating | Transfer to a cool space and drink loads of fluids |
| Nausea or vomiting | Relaxation, drink electrolyte-rich drinks, and search medical consideration if signs persist |
| Fast respiratory and pulse | Search fast medical consideration |
8. Eye Accidents
In case you unintentionally look immediately on the solar with out correct eye safety, search skilled medical consideration instantly. Cowl your eyes to attenuate additional harm.
9. Misplaced or Lacking Individuals
In massive crowds, it is simple to get separated. Designate a gathering level upfront and make plans for reconnecting if misplaced. Maintain monitor of youngsters and talk with them regularly.
10. Extreme Climate
Monitor climate forecasts and be ready for potential storms or lightning. Search shelter indoors or in a sturdy car if extreme climate threatens.
11. Normal Security Precautions
Observe these common security pointers to make sure a protected and satisfying eclipse expertise:
- Keep inside designated viewing areas.
- Concentrate on your environment and potential hazards.
- Keep away from establishing tools close to energy traces or different obstructions.
- Keep hydrated and take breaks all through the occasion.
- Keep knowledgeable about eclipse timing and security protocols.
By following these first support and emergency preparedness measures, you possibly can maximize the enjoyment and reduce the dangers related to observing a photo voltaic eclipse.
Photo voltaic Eclipse Viewing Etiquette
Experiencing a photo voltaic eclipse is a fascinating phenomenon, however it’s crucial to look at correct viewing etiquette to make sure security and improve the enjoyment for all. Listed here are essential pointers to comply with:
1. By no means Look Straight on the Solar With out Correct Eyewear
Direct daylight, together with throughout an eclipse, may cause everlasting eye harm. Use licensed photo voltaic eclipse glasses that meet the ISO 12312-2 worldwide security commonplace.
2. Use Solely Licensed Photo voltaic Eclipse Glasses
Guarantee your photo voltaic eclipse glasses have been licensed by respected organizations just like the American Astronomical Society, the Area Science Institute, or the Nationwide Aeronautics and Area Administration (NASA). Verify for the ISO 12312-2 certification mark to confirm authenticity.
3. Examine Your Eclipse Glasses Earlier than Use
Rigorously look at your eclipse glasses for any scratches, tears, or different harm. If any imperfections are detected, discard the glasses and use a brand new pair.
4. Perceive the Filtration Capability of Your Glasses
Totally different eclipse glasses have various ranges of filtration. Verify the producer’s specs to make sure your glasses can safely block out dangerous photo voltaic radiation.
5. Do not Share Glasses
Utilizing the identical eclipse glasses with a number of individuals will increase the danger of spreading eye infections. Every particular person ought to have their very own pair of glasses.
6. Do Not Use Broken or Expired Glasses
Discard any eclipse glasses that present indicators of injury or have expired previous their designated lifespan. Expired glasses might lose their protecting properties.
7. Use a Telescope or Binoculars Solely with Licensed Photo voltaic Filters
If utilizing a telescope or binoculars, connect an authorized photo voltaic filter to the entrance of the optical instrument. Don’t look by way of the telescope or binoculars with out a photo voltaic filter.
8. Supervise Youngsters
Supervise youngsters carefully whereas they’re viewing the eclipse to make sure they comply with all security pointers.
9. Be Respectful of Others
Keep away from blocking the view of others or strolling round whereas carrying eclipse glasses. Permit everybody to benefit from the eclipse safely and comfortably.
10. Retailer Glasses Correctly
When not in use, retailer your eclipse glasses in a protecting case to stop harm.
Further Suggestions for Protected Viewing
Take into account the next tricks to additional improve your eclipse viewing expertise:
- Plan your viewing location upfront to keep away from crowds and guarantee a transparent view.
- Convey a blanket or chair to take a seat on comfortably.
- Defend your self from the weather with hat, sun shades, and sunscreen.
- Keep hydrated by bringing water or different drinks.
- Arrive on the viewing location early to safe a great place.
- Be affected person and benefit from the celestial spectacle.
Continuously Requested Questions on Photo voltaic Eclipse Viewing Etiquette
Listed here are solutions to frequent questions relating to photo voltaic eclipse viewing etiquette:
| Query | Reply |
|---|---|
| Can I make my eclipse glasses at dwelling? | No, it’s not really useful to make your eclipse glasses at dwelling. Home made glasses might not present sufficient safety from dangerous photo voltaic radiation. |
| What ought to I do if I haven’t got licensed eclipse glasses? | Don’t try to view the eclipse immediately or by way of makeshift glasses. Discover a viewing location that gives licensed photo voltaic filters or livestream the eclipse on-line. |
| Can I exploit sun shades to view the eclipse? | No, common sun shades don’t present enough safety from the solar’s dangerous rays. Use solely licensed photo voltaic eclipse glasses. |
| Is it protected to observe the eclipse by way of a digicam lens? | No, wanting by way of a digicam lens with out a photo voltaic filter can harm your eyes. |
| Can I put on my eclipse glasses for an prolonged interval? | Sure, licensed photo voltaic eclipse glasses could be worn at some stage in the eclipse. Nevertheless, take away the glasses instantly for those who expertise any eye discomfort. |
Photo voltaic Eclipse Apps and Cellular Instruments
Improve your photo voltaic eclipse viewing expertise with a spread of apps and cell instruments designed to supply invaluable data and support in protected statement. Here is a curated record of choices to think about:
Apps for iOS and Android
1. Eclipse Information
This complete app gives detailed eclipse data, together with time, period, and visibility maps. Customers can enter their location and entry real-time updates, climate forecasts, and security suggestions.
2. Photo voltaic Eclipse Calculator
A exact software for calculating eclipse particulars primarily based on location and date. It gives actual occasions for the beginning, most, and finish of the eclipse, together with graphs illustrating the eclipse path.
3. SkySafari
A stargazing app that features a devoted photo voltaic eclipse function. SkySafari permits customers to simulate the eclipse in augmented actuality, offering a digital view of the celestial occasion from their particular location.
Web sites for Desktop and Cellular
4. Time and Date Eclipse Map
A complete web site that gives interactive eclipse maps, permitting customers to discover the trail of the eclipse and its visibility worldwide. It additionally gives detailed data on eclipse timings and climate forecasts.
5. NASA Eclipse Web site
The official NASA web site devoted to photo voltaic eclipses, providing a wealth of assets, together with interactive simulations, instructional supplies, and security pointers for observing the eclipse.
6. American Astronomical Society Eclipse Sources
The American Astronomical Society’s devoted eclipse webpage gives an summary of upcoming eclipses, data on protected viewing practices, and hyperlinks to further assets.
Different Cellular Instruments
7. Augmented Actuality Apps
A number of augmented actuality apps enable customers to preview the eclipse utilizing their smartphone digicam. These apps superimpose the eclipse on the reside digicam view, offering a simulated expertise.
8. Photo voltaic Eclipse Viewers
Specialised cell equipment designed particularly for viewing photo voltaic eclipses. These viewers sometimes function filters that block dangerous ultraviolet radiation whereas permitting customers to look at the eclipse safely.
9. Eclipse Glasses
Disposable paper or plastic glasses geared up with filters that block ultraviolet and infrared radiation. Eclipse glasses are a handy and reasonably priced possibility for protected eclipse viewing.
Really helpful Security Precautions
When observing a photo voltaic eclipse, it’s essential to comply with security precautions to guard your eyes from harm. Keep in mind the next pointers:
| By no means look immediately on the solar |
|---|
| Use licensed photo voltaic eclipse glasses or viewers |
| Don’t use do-it-yourself filters or sun shades |
| Take breaks and relaxation your eyes |
| Search medical consideration for those who expertise any eye discomfort |
Neighborhood Outreach and Public Training for Photo voltaic Eclipses
With the intention to guarantee public security throughout a photo voltaic eclipse, it’s important to have interaction in neighborhood outreach and public schooling efforts. This includes actively informing most of the people concerning the significance of correct eye safety, the right way to observe the eclipse safely, and the potential dangers related to viewing the eclipse with out sufficient safety.
Efficient neighborhood outreach and public schooling require a complete strategy, using numerous channels to achieve completely different segments of the inhabitants:
Public Bulletins and Press Releases
Distribute press releases to native and regional media shops, together with newspapers, tv, and radio stations, to lift consciousness concerning the eclipse and the significance of eye safety.
Neighborhood Occasions and Displays
Host public occasions, resembling astronomy nights or instructional workshops, at native libraries, colleges, or neighborhood facilities to teach the general public concerning the eclipse and protected viewing practices.
Social Media and On-line Outreach
Leverage social media platforms and on-line assets, resembling web sites and blogs, to disseminate details about the eclipse, eye safety pointers, and really useful viewing areas.
Partnership with Native Organizations
Collaborate with native organizations, resembling astronomy golf equipment, science museums, and colleges, to conduct outreach actions and distribute instructional supplies concerning the eclipse.
Distribution of Instructional Supplies
Develop and distribute instructional supplies, resembling brochures, flyers, and posters, that present clear and concise details about protected eclipse viewing practices.
Devoted Eclipse Security Web sites
Create a devoted web site particularly for eclipse security, offering complete details about eye safety, viewing areas, and different related particulars.
49. Function of Native Eclipse Committees and Coordinators
In areas the place the eclipse will likely be seen, set up native eclipse committees or appoint eclipse coordinators to coordinate outreach and schooling efforts, making certain a cohesive and efficient response on the neighborhood stage. These committees and coordinators can:
- Facilitate neighborhood outreach initiatives and public schooling campaigns.
- Collaborate with native authorities, colleges, and neighborhood organizations to disseminate details about eclipse security.
- Establish and safe funding for outreach and teaching programs.
- Develop and implement a complete eclipse plan that features outreach, viewing web site administration, and emergency preparedness measures.
- Present ongoing communication and assist to the general public earlier than, throughout, and after the eclipse.
Duties |
Native Eclipse Committees and Coordinators |
|---|---|
|
Collaborate with native authorities, colleges, and neighborhood organizations. |
Facilitate neighborhood outreach initiatives. |
|
Develop and implement a complete eclipse plan. |
Establish and safe funding for outreach and teaching programs. |
|
Present ongoing communication and assist to the general public. |
Coordinate viewing web site administration and emergency preparedness measures. |
50. Media Coaching and Public Service Bulletins
Conduct media coaching for native journalists and public security officers to make sure correct and well timed reporting about eclipse security and viewing pointers. Develop and distribute public service bulletins by way of numerous media channels to strengthen the message of protected eclipse viewing.
How To Make Home made Photo voltaic Eclipse Glasses
Making do-it-yourself photo voltaic eclipse glasses is an effective way to soundly view a photo voltaic eclipse. It is very important shield your eyes from the dangerous rays of the solar, and photo voltaic eclipse glasses are an effective way to do this. There are lots of other ways to make do-it-yourself photo voltaic eclipse glasses, however the most typical methodology is to make use of black cardboard and aluminum foil.
To make do-it-yourself photo voltaic eclipse glasses, you have to the next supplies:
- Black cardboard
- Aluminum foil
- Scissors
- Tape or glue
Directions:
- Reduce two items of black cardboard into the form of eyeglasses. The eyeglasses needs to be massive sufficient to suit over your eyes comfortably.
- Cowl one facet of every piece of cardboard with aluminum foil. The aluminum foil will mirror the dangerous rays of the solar away out of your eyes.
- Tape or glue the 2 items of cardboard collectively, with the aluminum foil dealing with outwards.
- Punch holes within the sides of the eyeglasses so as to tie a string by way of them. It will assist to maintain the eyeglasses in your head.
Your do-it-yourself photo voltaic eclipse glasses are actually full! You’ll want to put on them when viewing a photo voltaic eclipse, and benefit from the celestial present!
Individuals Additionally Ask
What are the hazards of a photo voltaic eclipse with out glasses?
Taking a look at a photo voltaic eclipse with out glasses may cause critical eye harm, together with blindness. The solar’s rays are very sturdy, they usually can harm the retina, which is the a part of the attention that’s accountable for imaginative and prescient.
How can I be sure my do-it-yourself photo voltaic eclipse glasses are protected?
To ensure your do-it-yourself photo voltaic eclipse glasses are protected, you’ll want to use supplies which can be opaque and that can block out the entire solar’s rays. Black cardboard and aluminum foil are each good decisions.
What different supplies can I exploit to make do-it-yourself photo voltaic eclipse glasses?
Along with black cardboard and aluminum foil, it’s also possible to use different supplies to make do-it-yourself photo voltaic eclipse glasses, resembling Mylar movie, welder’s glass, and even previous floppy disks.
